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李录《全球价值投资与时代》演讲摘要

李录《全球价值投资与时代》演讲摘要

著名投资人、喜马拉雅资本创始人李录在12月7日北京大学光华管理学院《价值投资》课程十周年沙龙上,作了题为《全球价值投资与时代》的主旨演讲。

原文链接

主题:

  1. 我们时代的困惑主要是什么
  2. 对于这些困惑的思考,他的原因和本质
  3. 中等收入陷阱,中等收入国家的跨越,国际关系的一些看法
  4. 回到主题,作为全球价值投资人,如何应对当今时代的挑战

一、时代的困惑

国内的困惑:

  1. 就业面临很大的压力,背后反映的是民营企业的信心问题(民营企业提供80%以上的就业)
  2. 消费者信心问题,背后是财富性资产的大幅缩水,尤其是房地产

过去经济政策主要集中在供给侧,但是当前主要问题在需求侧,导致了通缩现象的出现。

  1. 卷,实际是是通缩环境的极度竞争,正常经济增长应该事螺旋上升而不是卷。
  2. 出现躺平现象,趋严的环境,官僚体系缺乏正向激励,躺平影响政策传导和执行。
  3. 中国生产商品自身消费只占一半左右,需要销售到发达国家。

国际的困惑:美国一直承担着全球事务中的锚角色,有观点近年中国崛起达成了美国秩序的顺风车,美国开始审视在国际秩序中的角色和资源投入,未来国际贸易中公共品(如和平和航海自由)由谁投入和维护?

这些困惑引发了人们对于未来前景不确定性的担心。

二、对这些困惑的思考

这些困惑并非中国独有,可以总结成:“所有国家在发展过程中普遍面临的问题”,李录在《文明、现代化、价值投资与中国》一书中,对文明演化划分成三个阶段:

  1. 狩猎文明
  2. 农业文明
  3. 现代科技文明

中国正在2.5阶段的中间盘整期。中间盘整期,德国,日本,南美和东南亚所有经历过工业化起飞的国家都出现过中国今天的挑战。

这个挑战的成因,现代化的本质是市场经济,和现代科技结合所产生的自动,复利性,持续性的经济增长。需要经济,社会治理,人文心理,政治制度全方位的发展。

经济的复利发展容易实现,日本,美国,南美的工业化进程大致是都是30-40年。三四十年的复利增长,足以让一个经济体,尤其是在经济起飞阶段,发生巨大的经济上的变化。

但是经济变化社会治理现实会发生巨大落差,给社会治理带来很大挑战,这一挑战有些社会跨越了,有些社会盘整了很长时间,有些社会走上歧途,一战二战的背景与此相关,但是战争本身无法解决这个问题,真正解决问题的是战后治理上的变革。

陈旧社会观念和经济发展的矛盾

土地,农业文明土地与人口是经济的总量,但是进入现代科技文明3.0,土地不再是经济的主要因素,农业文明对土地的崇拜,是进入现代科技文明的障碍。在农业文明,土地的扩张一直都是族群种族和国家最重要的诉求,许多青史留名的人,往往与土地扩张或者保卫土地不受侵略有关。

  1. 一战爆发时,土地争夺战打响,已经进入工业化的欧洲迅速陷入一场全面战争,所以参战帝国全部崩塌,帝国在战争中的诉求都以失败告终。战胜也付出了巨大的代价和损失。
  2. 二战后相反,日本和德国虽然是战败国,但是战争中的全部诉求,都因为战败后的被迫改革得以实现。
  3. 美国在战后放弃了领土诉求,将全部领土无偿归还给原有国家,不再有土地执念,建立起了一个以美国理念为基础的国际贸易,商品交易,和资本交易体系,所有盟国都加入了这个体系。

今天我们对土地的执念依然存在,这是一个最危险的因素。对于土地的执念,依旧能随时点燃一个种群、一个国家的民族情绪,因为这种观念已深植人类思想上万年。

脱虚向实,实际也是个落后观念,英伟达实际是个设计公司,并不生产芯片,游戏公司的价值也被经常低看,但是在俄乌战场,无人机的操控者都是游戏玩家。

政府职能, 农业经济时代集权和分权都有一定好处,计划经济时代政府是指挥者,但是市场经济的基本要义:“所有重大的经济决策需要由个人利益攸关的企业家,在充分竞争的环境下独立、分别地做出。”。中国经济决策的复杂性和规模远不是少数人能去影响,规划,和指导的。政府职能的转换不仅是中国当前发展的现实要求,也是由中国经济体的本质所决定的。

三、中等收入陷阱

要跨越到现代科技文明3.0,必备条件:内部所有的经济要素能够充分交换与流通,每一次自由贸易、自由交换的过程,都会带来1+1>2的效果,而在知识层面的交流甚至能产生1+1>4的功用。商品、服务和思想的自由交流越多、越充分,它们创造的增量就越大。现代化的、可持续增长的3.0经济体,都具备这样一个最重要的特质,即经济体中全要素的充分交换和流通,没有堵点。

中国哪些要素未实现充分交换与流通?

  1. 储蓄,中国的个人消费占整体经济的比重只有40%,这一比例近年来持续下降。与此同时,储蓄率却一直在上升,从40%增加到约50%。国有银行体系不能将这些储蓄充分地交换到经济循环中。需要一个现代的资本市场和金融体系,来促进资金的有效配置和流通。
  2. 信用体系。企业家,投资人,连接储蓄和投资的终结机构的信用,形成投资力量。银行也可以提供资金,但无法提供信用体系。和信用体系相关的又是一整套的法律制度、纠纷的处置、习惯性的做法、还有大家的信任。这套体系非常难建立,也需要不断试错。英国自从移植、建立起这套体系之后,和欧洲的战争就再未失败过。

我们建立起来的还在启蒙阶段的资本市场体系,最近这些年也在萎缩。中国现有的这套体系远远不是现代意义上的资本市场体系,目前还没有能力把大量储蓄转化成潜在的消费,把经济运转起来。

中国市场经济的成功,就是在政府不断让权、不断退出、从指挥转变为服务型职能的过程中实现的。科技发展也是高度市场化的经济产生的结果,而不是原因。这些不仅是市场经济的老生常谈,也是大家广泛认可的基本共识。

另外还需要提供对人身和财产的基本保障。私企要发展,企业家首先得有生命安全的保障,没有生命安全的保障,谁也做不来成功的企业。政府权力要受到法律制衡,法律程序要正义。如果发生“随意执法”、“选择性执法”、“远洋捕捞”等现象,企业家有没有权利通过法律来捍卫自己的正当利益?违法的官员会不会受到应有的法律惩罚?纵容违法行为的官员,会不会受到法律的惩罚?普通民众和企业家能不能通过法律和程序有效地维护自身的利益,而不是只能通过有更高权力的上级领导的行政干预?这是我们讲的程序正义。这些都是社会发展最根本的需求。

信誉、信用体系的特点是积累起来需要很长时间,打破它却可能只需要很短的时间,很少的几件事。香港的市场和体系需要珍惜和呵护,而前提是要理解它的重要性。

四、回到主题,作为全球价值投资人,如何应对当今时代的挑战

基本态度:宏观环境是客观存在的,我们只能接受,微观层面才是我们可以有所作为的。这是作为价值投资人的基本态度。

什么是真正的财富?

在农业文明时代,财富就是土地和人口。今天土地已经不再是财富,几百年来,英国没有发生大的革命,许多原本拥有土地的贵族至今还保留着很多土地和宏伟的城堡。在过去,他们是最富有的人。大多数仅拥有土地和城堡的贵族已经不再富有,甚至变得相对贫穷。只有少数贵族依然富裕,是因为他们有其他投资,而不是仅仅依赖原有的土地和城堡。因为维持土地和城堡需要大量人力。一个大型城堡动辄需要几十甚至上百的佣人来维持运转。过去几百年间,人的价值发生了巨大的变化,导致今天的贵族已无法负担如此多的佣人。

现金也不是财富,随着时间流逝,现金会贬值。所以, 财富就是你在整个经济体的购买力中所占的比例。投资的根本目的是保存和增加你的购买力

即使整个经济体因为各种原因发生萎缩,只要你的占比提升,你的财富依然在增加。这就是这句话的意义:宏观是我们必须接受的,微观才是我们可以有所作为的。保持这样的认知,你就能心平气和地持有那些最具创造性的优秀企业,不再因宏观环境的波动而动摇。内心保持平和,才能够坚定持有你的筹码,你的购买力。

作为全球投资人,你需要去你认为最有活力的经济体中投资,但同时也要关注自身的实际需求,在你需要消费的地方保持你的购买力。对于个人投资人来说,你需要在你愿意消费、需要消费的经济体中,保持你的购买力,这才是你真正的财富。

今天宏观环境不确定性强,这个目标能否实现?

历史上的前辈们都是在宏观环境面临空前挑战的情况下,发现并实践了价值投资的基本理念。价值投资的奠基人格雷厄姆,正是在宏观经济面临巨大挑战时发现了价值投资的方法论。他在那个时代所经历的比我们今天面对的挑战要困难得多。

价值投资的五条重要理念:

  1. 股票是一个公司所有权的法定证明,不仅是一张可交易的纸。
  2. 市场由个体组成,而人的本性追求短期获利,所以人们往往倾向于把股票当作短期交易的筹码,而忽视了它是公司长期的所有权。
  3. 未来很难预测,便宜是硬道理,一定要有足够的安全边际。因为你未必能完全理解一家公司,也无法清楚预测公司的未来。
  4. 长期的投资回报在很大意义上来自于优秀公司通过它们的长期业绩创造出来的价值。
  5. 投资就像钓鱼,要在有鱼的地方钓鱼。
  6. 李录对整个文明范式变化所做的总结:财富的本质是经济体中的购买力占比,价值投资的目标是在最具活力的经济体中,持有最具活力的公司的股份,从而保持和增长财富。

挑选和理解这些优秀公司并不容易,所以投资人要建立自己的能力圈,明确知道自己哪些懂,哪些不懂,知道能力圈的边界在哪里,只投资能力圈范围内、那些自己能理解的优质公司,并长期持有。

投资人不需要了解所有公司,无需掌握所有宏观经济参数、政府宏观政策,更不需要准确预测未来十年的情况, 关键是要找到那个能钓到鱼的“湖”。竞争不充分是错误定价的一个很重要的原因(去人少的地方)。

李录对现代化这一现象思考、研究了四十几年,逐渐发现,过去几百年间,每个国家经历的都不是独特的现象,而是一场人类文明范式的转移。这种转移不受任何国家、个人、或一小群人的意志所左右,全球经济呈现出一种单向性、波浪式的增长,短期内有起有伏,甚至周期性的起伏,但长期趋势是单向的持续增长。即使某些时期全球经济的蛋糕总量在缩小,如果你能保持自己的购买力比例,你就保持了财富。当经济重新开始增长,蛋糕变大时,你就可以保持和继续增加财富。

五、问答

问题1: 在持有优质公司的过程中,如果市场给出了明显高估的价格,达到什么程度时,您会考虑减持?

李录:

  1. 如果发现自己犯了错,会第一时间卖出。
  2. 当有更好的投资标的,其风险回报比 (risk-award)和潜在损失和收益 (downside-upside)更优时,会选择替换。
  3. 当市场出现了极端的高估泡沫,会考虑减持。
  4. 作为受托人,有时我们卖出也是迫不得已。如果是满仓投资,遇到赎回要求,因为我们的基本原则是不借债,这种情况下就可能需要卖出部分持仓。

但是估值很多时候是一个时间维度上的概念,很大程度上取决于公司的长期成长能力。人类共同的缺点是常常会放大短期因素,缩小或忽视长期因素。所以要培养起自己的能力圈,你研究得越深入,理解就越透彻。短期高估如果与长期增长相比,就没有那么重要。但是找到并理解能够长期增长的公司是一件极其困难的事。这类公司具有长期持续地超越对手的竞争力,有很广阔的增长空间,而且具有优秀的资本回报率。

股票市场确实非常考验人性。如果你对投资标的不理解,迟早会在某一刻被市场打败。所以真正明白很重要,要不断地加深和拓展自己的能力圈,坚持终身学习。能力圈要一点点建立,不必着急。

问题2: 如何理解什么是便宜的公司,是看P/E吗?公司的P/E有个范围,P/E和增长率相关的,应该怎么看?

李录:

便宜是一个多维度的观念,是相对价值而言的。

在本·格雷厄姆的时代,他专注于有形资产价值,只看那些可以立即变现的类现金、可交易证券、立即可回收的应收账款,甚至连房地产都不在考虑范围内。

买得便宜有时会带来意外的收获,但是买完之后必须去深入研究,懂得越多,收获的价值就越大。用P/E作为指标去衡量公司价值,关键需要明白这个盈利 (earning)的质量。比如,盈利是否具有周期性?如果P/E低,是因为它处在周期的顶点,因为盈利中包含了很多一次性的或周期性的成分,还是因为它的盈利确实是长期的、稳定的、可持续的?弄清楚盈利的质量之后,才能判断公司的长期增长能力。

问题3:投资的意义是什么?个人投资者的认知和能力圈会提升,会获得投资收益,但是除此之外还有什么价值?

李录:

我来回答这个带有哲学色彩的问题,投资人是寄生虫,还是对社会有益?尤其是价值投资强调便宜,总在低价买入,每次买入就意味着有人卖出,那么你的投资盈利是不是来源于卖出的人的亏损?答案是否定的,价值投资人绝对不是寄生虫。

刚才演讲里谈过这个问题,即为什么资本市场是现代经济的必要前提和基石。

进一步说,资本市场的存在是让所有的经济要素能够循环起来最最重要的保障,资本市场最终要有效率,就是要把钱投给最有生产力、能够提供市场最需要的产品和服务的公司。

假定一个普通人每月挣一千块钱,拿出五百块来储蓄,想要投到最优秀的公司,中间需要经过一个很长的链条,链条上每一个节点都非常重要,都不可或缺,到最后的资本市场、公开股票市场,其最重要的功能就是它能够合理定价。

合理定价是说最终价格和价值要大体相符。

我们说资本市场并非总是有效,是说它短期有时无效。

长期看,市场价格要随着价值浮动,价值是它的锚,这个市场才是有效的。让价格从短期的无效变成长期的有效,最重要的就是基本面投资人,就是价值投资人。

价值投资才使得市场具有价格发现的功能,是市场能够把最值得投资的最有价值的公司和非专业的个人小储户相连接最重要的一环。

构成资本市场的每一环都很重要,包括律师、券商、分析师、经理人等等,千万不要轻易地认为任何一环上从事金融的人都有原罪。这些专业人士和机构提供的是信用。

当然这个行业里的确有寄生虫。

只有真正具备受托人责任的人才能够产生信用,也只有当每一个链条都有讲信用的中介,才能够产生整体金融市场的信用。自由竞争、优胜劣汰,加上法制化的监管及长期的实践才能产生真正有效率、有信用的金融市场。

我一般不谈持仓,既然大家都知道我们在比亚迪的投资,所以还以比亚迪为例,我们拥有了它22年,其间有8次它的股价跌了50%,一次跌了80%,如果没有像我们这样的价值投资人,比亚迪在某些危机时刻可能遭遇资金链断裂。

比如大家知道今年就有很多高成长型的公司发生资金断裂。如果我们没有在2010年引入像伯克希尔这样有信誉的投资人,比亚迪的成功会面临更多的挑战,并不是说比亚迪不会像今天这样成功,只是说它会经受更多挑战。

这是实事求是的说法,是一个非常鲜明的例证。如果没有价值投资人,资本市场就失去了价格发现的功能,不再有效,也就无法成为真正让储蓄运转起来的体系。

所以优秀的价值投资人取之有道,是一个优秀企业不可或缺的伙伴,不仅重要,而且十分重要。

这就是为什么我第一次听巴菲特的演讲时,就决定从事这个行业,他给我解答的就是你这个问题。

我个人一直对道德和社会正义比对赚钱更有兴趣,年轻时尤其如此。

我最早理解的华尔街股市,就像《日出》里描绘的那些狡诈的寄生虫,暗箱操作、秘密勾结,令人鄙夷。

而巴菲特使我明白,价值投资的本质是双赢,投资人其实是公司成长很重要的一环。

我在早期的投资生涯中也做过一些风险投资,作为天使投资人,帮助十几家公司成功创建并发展。

对VC、PE来说,投资人的作用就更明显了。一个真正有声誉的、有信用的公共市场投资人,长期对公司的背书起到同样重要的作用。

而且公共公司的存在,对于把储蓄转化成有效的社会资源,对于这些公司能够成长起来至关重要。

这是我们整个现代经济能够进入到自生性的、可持续的长期增长最重要的一环。

所以每一个链条上的人,都发挥着极其重要的作用。

这些是常识,却很稀缺。你问的这个问题很重要,这些知识要慢慢地去理解。

所以为什么我们要开设这门课,为什么要讲这些,为什么常老师、姜老师、助教和志愿者花那么多时间做教育工作?就是要把常识变成共识,这样社会才不会动辄将资本市场上的人妖魔化,为这个行业强加原罪。

缺乏这样的共识,一个国家会被困在中等收入陷阱里,无法形成正向循环。

个人储蓄率从40%增加到50%,意味着GDP缩减10%。GDP减少导致大家对未来的期望降低,进一步导致消费减少,引发公司裁员。

也就是说,当经济开始缩减的时候会越来越缩减,当经济在扩张的时候会越来越扩张,所以需要救市,需要刺激,但是消费端出现的问题,增加供给是解决不了的,需要增加实质性的可持续的需求。这些环节就是现代经济的基本,也是稀缺的常识。

教育最重要的是要把这些常识真正地变成共识,让经济在这个基础之上持续发展。

但是这种稀缺又很自然,我们从农业文明时代经历上万年演化过来,大部分人的财富观是静态的,凡是赚钱的人我们都觉得他赚的是不义之财。

这是静态的2.0时代的思考惯性。我把狩猎文明、农业文明、科技文明命名为1.0、2.0、3.0,就是为了将其显著区分,因为我们的观念很多时候滞留在上一个文明状态,不理解动态的经济增长、复利增长。

财富是动态的,是被不断创造的,大家回到英国贵族、回到万元户的例子,就能明白这一点。所以我们很多观念需要改变。

今天也用这个问题来结束我们的演讲, 就是真正的价值投资人具有受托人的意识,为企业和资本市场做出了很重要的贡献,是现代经济发展中不可或缺的一部分。

2025-01-02 20:50:20 +0800 +0800

Steady but boring: My selling put strategy

Steady but boring: My selling put strategy

graph TD
    A[Start] -->|Bullish or Neutral on NVDA| B{Sell NVDA Put at<br>OTM 2-3%  }
    B -->|Premium Received| C[Buy QQQ]
    B --> D{Monitor Put}
    D -->|Premium < 30%| E[Close Position]
    E --> F[Reassess Market]
    F -->|Bullish on NVDA| G[Sell New Put]
    F -->|Neutral/Bearish| H[Wait for Better Entry]
    D -->|14-21 DTE| I{OTM by > 3%?}
    I -->|Yes| J[Let Expire]
    I -->|No| K{Consider Rolling}
    K -->|Roll| L[Roll to Next Week/Month]
    K -->|Don't Roll| M[Prepare for Potential Assignment]
    D -->|< 14 DTE & ITM| N[Roll or Prepare for Assignment]
    N -->|Roll| O[Roll to Next Week/Month at<br> Higher Strike]
    N -->|Assign| P[Sell Covered Call on NVDA]
    P --> Q{Monitor Call}
    Q -->|Premium < 30%| R[Close Call]
    Q -->|Near Expiration| S{ITM?}
    S -->|Yes| T[Roll Up and Out]
    S -->|No| U[Let Expire]
    B & P --> V{Weekly Review}
    V --> W[Adjust Strategy if Needed]
    W --> B

2024-10-19 10:04:55 +0800 +0800

Investing in A-Share Stock Market: My 2 Strategies

Investing in A-Share Stock Market: My 2 Strategies

In Comparison to the U.S. Stock Market, The China stock market is notably riskier than its U.S. counterpart. with its performance often closely tied to government policies. to avoid high risk. I've two strategies:

  1. Tracking Policy Updates and Market Sentiment

    • Stay Informed: Closely follow policy republish meetings and key announcements.
    • Experience-Based Insight: Utilize your market experience to assess whether these updates will likely draw significant investor interest.
  2. Contrarian Approach: Timing the Market

    • Peak Identification: Pinpoint moments when the market reaches exceptionally high levels.
    • Sentiment-Driven Action: Consider short positions when market enthusiasm peaks, indicating potential over-optimism.
2024-10-18 15:50:54 +0800 +0800

Howard Marks interview with Nicolai Tangen

Howard Marks interview with Nicolai Tangen

Howard Marks, the author of the book "Mastering the Market Cycle" and co-founder of Oaktree Capital Management. He is joined by Nicolai Tangen, the CEO of Norges Bank Investment Management, discussed investment philosophy, cycles, and how he absorbs information.

Investment philosophy

Howard marks introduced his investment philosophy:

  1. Risk control.
  2. Consistency.
  3. Market efficiency, only target less efficient markets.
  4. Specialization, know more than everybody else about a few things.
  5. Not relying on macroeconomic forecasts.
  6. Not timing the market.

Thoes philosophy was coming from his experience of the limits of knowledge. because investing is not a science, it's dealing with a lot of people, people have feelings, their behavior is unpredictable. Randomness is a big part of investing. Especially in the short term, stupid people get rich, you can't verify the quality of the decision by the outcome.

Howard think the key element of success is aggressiveness, timing, and skill. If you aggressive enough and in the right time, you don't need too much skill, but if you want success repeatedly, you need skill.

Howard believes that the market is cyclical, because people's greed and fear. When market is crazy high or crazy low, he think it's chance to make money based on the foreacst. The only problem is extreme high or low is too rare.

Risk management

Howard Marks emphasized that risk management is not risk avoidance, risk avoidance usually means return avoidance, if you want to profit, you have to take risk. and you can't take money just by taking risk, you have to do it skillfully.

Risk means more things can happen than will happen. Under any sets of circumstances, any outcome is possible. excessive certainty is dangerous. Aknowledge the limits of knowledge is our friend. If everything looks perfect, it's dangerous. Example:

  • In late 2023, the consensus think Fed will cut 6 times in 2024, but the Fed only said they will cut 3 times. the consensus is too optimistic.

In Oaktree, Howard resisted having risk control department, because he think risk control is the responsibility of everybody.

Games

Howard think games is very helpful to investment:

  1. It's risk taking
  2. It's all about probabilistic, assessing the probability is very important.

Annie Duke, a PHD in decision analysis, also a poker world champion, wrote a book called "Thinking in Bets", she approached poker professionally, analytically, and with discipline. She helps people to think about the structuring bets. Example:

  • In basketball game, when you bet on the popular team, if you win, you don't get much. but sometimes the payoff is better when you bet on the unpopular team.

Contrairianism

Contrairianism means beting against the consensus, usually the payoff is better. It's doesn't mean routinely think what is the consensus think and do the opposite, you need to think what is the consensus think, why they do that and why they are wrong. why they do that way.

If you want to be a contrarian person, you need to be comfortable with loneliness, you have to dare to be different. you have to dare to be wrong. Howard has a good partner, Bruce Karsh, they support each other, that make them more easy to overcome the loneliness.

It's more easy to be contrarian in the frothy than in the fearful market. Howard use a barometer to measure the market, like the temperature. He look at the oppinion of the people, how uniform they are, how satisfied they are, how strong they are.

Information flow

Howard's information flow is very simple, he read a newspapers, he consume 2-3 newspapers a day and read "The Economist", what the most important is not what happened, but what it means, why it happened. He try to figure out what is the temperature of the market, what is the position of the cycle.

Howard is keep eye on Charlie Munger, Warren Buffet, Stan Druckenmiller, Seth Klarman

Advice

Howard's advice to young people is:

  • If you want to be a good investor, you can't be right all the time.
  • Investing is a great puzzle, you have to equip your philosophy to deal with it with many many considerations.

Book mentioned

  • "Mastering the Market Cycle" by Howard Marks
  • "Thinking in Bets" by Annie Duke
  • "Fooled by Randomness" by Nassim Nicholas Taleb
2024-06-15 11:39:00 +0000 UTC

Nasdaq-100 analysis @ 2024-03-22

Nasdaq-100 analysis @ 2024-03-22

Nasdaq-100 index is a good long term invest target. Can I beat the index? here is my try.

My strategy is to hold index as long as possible, no matter if it's rising or falling. but I will take leverage when the index is low risk, and hold no leverage when high risk(price is high, inflation etc. ). So the risk prediction is the key point.

Lets begin, how I judge the risk of Nasdaq-100 index, its composed of 2 parts:

  1. Economic situation:
    • Inflation:
      • Tech company will be hurted when in inflation situation.
    • Economic growth:
      • GDP, PMI, Employment, sales etc.
  2. Single stock situation, is the major company in the index growing well?

Economic situation

key events:

  • 2024-03-12: CORE CPI MoM 0.4% higher than expected.
  • 2024-03-14: PPI MoM 0.6% higher than expected.

Two month data show that inflation is continue to rise not just a single month data noise. that will be the main risk may drive index down. should pay atttention on the Fed's action. if Fed tighten the interest rate , should be more risk aversion. my strategy for now is to hold VOO(SP-500 index) and find a chance to buy TQQQ(leveraged Nasdaq-100 index) when extreme low position or Fed's action is dovish.

Nonfarm Payrolls and Unemployment Rate show the economy is still hot. can still expect the company's earning growth.

Single stock

company ratio of index PE EPS growth expectation RISK
MSFT 8.88% 37.74 11.0 high low
AAPL 7.65% 27.03 6.46 moderate low
NVDA 6.30% 74.13 12.06 high high
AMZN 5.20% 60.17 2.95 moderate moderate
META 4.86% 32.50 15.2 moderate low
GOOGL 4.7% 24.32 5.85 low moderate
AVGO 4.25% 45.8 27.87 moderate low
COST 2.39% 47.47 15.31 low moderate
AMD 2.29% 365.11 0.53 high high
TSLA 2.26% 38.01 4.72 morderate high
NFLX 1.94% 50.42 12.23 low moderate
PEP 1.68% 25.1 6.59 low moderate

high risk:

  • NVDA: high PE, growth expectation is high
  • AMD: high PE, growth expectation is high
  • TSLA: high PE, growth low than expected

other risk

seasonal risk:

  1. Months When QQQ Outperforms:
    1. November - This has historically been one of the strongest months for QQQ and the Nasdaq. From 1971-2022, QQQ averaged a 2.1% gain in November.
    2. April - The Nasdaq and tech stocks tend to see a bump in April, with QQQ averaging a 2.7% gain from 1971-2022 during this month.
    3. July - Coming out of the summer lull, July has averaged a 1.9% gain for QQQ from 1971-2022.
  2. Periods of Outperformance:
    1. End of Q4/Start of Q1 - The October to January period has tended to be strong for QQQ, likely due to holiday consumer spending benefiting tech names.
    2. Summer Months - While seemingly counterintuitive, the May-August period has seen QQQ outperform from 1971-2022 versus other seasonal periods.

March is not on the list, be more cautious.

Geopolitical risk:

  • red sea crisis, may make oil price surge and trade cost increase.
2024-03-19 12:00:00 +0000 UTC

Drivers of interest rate

Drivers of interest rate

supply:

  • treasury

demand:

  • Foreign investors
  • Federal Reserve
  • Mutual funds
  • Banks
  • Pension funds
  • Households

short term drivers:

  • Economic data and Fed's action
  • Flights to safety
  • Debt auctions
  • Mortgage hedging flows
  • Corporate bond issuance
  • Exotics hedging flows
  • Seasonal factors
2024-02-26 10:44:03 +0800 +0800

bonds review @2024-02

bonds review @2024-02

  • long time goal: back to 2023-04-10 , 10 year treasury yield is 3.4%, TLT 106.
  • short time range, around 4.2%:
    • yield > 4.1%, Economy hot and stagflation expectation. price <94.
      • if >94 then buy TMV, wait price down.
    • yield < 4.3%, FED'S goal for not too high interest rate. price >92.
      • if <92 then buy TMF, wait price up. but need to watch FED's action, not hike again.

watch

  • 失业率,薪资增速

2024-02

Economic data hot , made 10-year treasury yield increase 0.1%, stable at 4.28%, TMF bottom at 52.

  • support level: 4.28%?
  • short term yields show 2024 rate cut 3 times. first at June, second at September, third at December.

02-01: FED PRESS CONFERENCE

  • hawkish, no rate cut at March.
  • 10-year treasury yield increase from 3.8% to 4.0%, to 4.16% in the next day.

02-13: Core CPI rose 0.4%

  • stagflation expectation is rising. TLT price plunged %1, 10-year treasury yield from 4.17% to 4.31%
  • but soon Europe ressession made yield decrease 4.2%, market is waiting for 02-16's PPI data.

02-16: PPI show economy is hot

  • PPI show economy is hot, Bonds yield surge 4.29%, TMF near 52.
  • but soon move back to 4.28%, TMF looks like have a bottom at 52.
2024-02-18 16:15:58 +0800 +0800

slan's invest log 2023-06-09 (#3 profit is meaningless if its not stable)

slan's invest log 2023-06-09 (#3 profit is meaningless if its not stable)

When I reviewed my invest history, my most profitable investment wasn't one that yields 100%+ profit , but rather a boring one QQQ(NASDQ-100 index).It's easy to talk about the importance of slow and steady gains, but it's not always easy to resist the temptation of easy money. I used to say that "slow if fast", but when I found out how easy it was to earn 20% with leverge, I went all in with leverage, but the reality is that the marktet is fair, I couldn't earn more beyond my knowledge.

I have come to realized the improtance of STABLE GROWTH, their is an old idiom that says "守正出奇" (maintain the traditional while seeking innovation) emphasizing the importance of maintaining traditional values while also exploring new ideas. The most important aspect of this idiom is 守正 (maintain the traditional), rather than solely seeking innovation. You may lose everthing if you only seek a new way, but if you foucus on do the regular thing right , you can become a good survivaler.

this week

  • TLT from 101.35 to 101.92 up trend but weak. low than previous week
  • QQQ from 354.43 to 353.15 down trending, buy in 352
  • BTFP still raising from 93B TO 100B, banks pressure still exist.
  • TGA from 49B TO 45B , Treasury not began refill the TGA account. but "Treasury now expects that its cash balance will be approximately $425 billion at the end of June." their is 400B selling pressure in next 2 weeks.
  • Unemployment rate from 3.4% to 3.7%, Initial Jobless Claims 266k high than expected. but Continuing Jobless Claims is low than expected and previous week.
  • Crude Oil Imports high than expected.
  • Services PMI (May)54.9, high than previous month, low than expected.
  • Week0531(privious week) Commercial Banks Treasury Security holds from 1518B to 1531B, banks is stable and not selling bonds.
  • Week0531(privious week) Commercial Banks Deposits from 17235B to 17283B, banks is stable in total.

us economic is still in hot, and didn't see signal of recession.

events:

  • Canada raise interest rates unexpectedly in Wendnesday, cause TLT price decline. the economic return hot when Canada stop hike rates.

strategy

now position:

quote percent
ZROZ 50%
QQQ 35%
VOO 0%
TMV 15%
CASH 0%

next:

  • holding QQQ and ZROZ , wait more datas.
  • short holding TMV (15%), wait bonds goes down.
2023-06-09 18:16:00 +0000 UTC

slan's invest log 2023-06-02 (#2 Good investment make you growth)

slan's invest log 2023-06-02 (#2 Good investment make you growth)

This week I sold all the leveraged ETF, holding cash and start to systematic investmen Bonds(ZROZ) and Index ETF(QQQ,VOO). Now Position: |quote|percent| |---|----| |ZROZ|25%| |QQQ|0%| |VOO|0%| |CASH|75%|

bonds

bonds price rose 3% in the last week, here is the main reason:

  1. Bank system goes steady now, the BTFB rose slowly not surge.
  2. FED is neutral, not sell not buy.
  3. stock is cold early but goes hot in friday.
  4. treasury debt ceiling crisis is solved. treasury will release much more T-bills in weeks.
  5. Nonfarm Payrolls higher than exceptations but Unemployment Rate is also high than previous

So the price goes high mainly cause of risk aversion, but when the stock goes higher, and treasury release bills pressure is coming the bonds price declined. I think bonds price is continue to decline next week, it's a chance to buy it.

About Nonfarm Payrolls higher than exceptations but Unemployment Rate is also high than previous some people think there will be some data error or maluplation. Here is a metaphor: The reason for massive travellers at the airport can be BAD WEATHER or the HOT TRAVELLING SEASON. I see the employment market is still hot, but the economic is slow down, and we will see more cold evidence in future.

good investment make you growth

good investment make you growth, bad investment consume yourself. previously I bought leveraged bonds, want to be rich quickly, but the truth is you will get more sometimes, but in long time it will all return back. and you will need to pay the cost. the cost of my recently 2 month is not good sleep, spent much time in monitor the price, and lost the time to study and try providing my independent service.

I could laydown lying flat, bonds will goes up in next 6 month, and QQQ goes up 30% in this year. the only thing I need to waiting, and I will have much time to do other things.

But the greedy and trust I'm lucky make me use the leverage, when profited, it's make me more irrational, when lost, it's make me more fear and sold out. in total I cost more time and not gain more. so it's a bad investment.

So this week I'm holding cash, lying flat, waiting the chance. embaracing the life again.

strategy

  • buy bonds to 70% .
  • 30% investment QQQ when lower position.
2023-06-02 18:16:00 +0000 UTC

slan的投资周报2023-05-26(#1 开始记录我的投资)

slan的投资周报2023-05-26(#1 开始记录我的投资)

当我在四月买入TMF债券ETF时,我打开了一扇新世界的投资之门,我曾多次因损失金钱和压力而放弃,但最终坚持了下来。所以现在,我想跟随自己的心认真对待它。我将每周记录我的想法,行动和结果,以帮助我更好地整理思路并避免冲动行事。

今天,我会说一下:

  • 我在四月和五月的交易历史
  • 我是否获利?
  • 我学到什么
  • 我下一步如何行动

历史

3月15日,由于对中国经济失去信心,我卖出了小米和阿里巴巴股票,当时我相信这也是美联储停止加息的时机,所以我开始买入长期债券ETF,幸运的是,我在2周内获利15%以上,这给了我很大信心,让我相信可以赚得更多利润,这就是悲剧的开始。

随着时间推移到5月,债券价格开始波动,我简单的策略是在债券开始复苏时买入TMF,太高时卖空,这点不再有效,这时,我学会了如何分析趋势,我学习了线性回归,并用Pandas和Matplotlib画出价格趋势图。

我穷举了所有买卖参数来寻找能赚钱的神奇参数。最有意思的部分是,当我造了bug时,发现2年内就能回报100倍。我开始担心如何花费这么多钱。但是,事实是这只是bug或者并没有每次买入最低价的机会。当我修复了这些错误后,2年内的回报率只有2倍。当我在更长的时间内测试它时,我很快意识到这会导致更多损失。

5月中旬,债券价格下跌10%,我一直死扛等反弹。然而,在仔细分析美联储和经济数据后,我意识到由于通胀和繁荣的经济,债券价格将进一步下跌。所以我承担损失并开始卖空债券,这帮助我赚回一些钱。然而,我仍然损失了大量资金。

债券需求供应曲线: 美联储的运行:

现在,所有靠运气来的利润,已经被我的能力归0。^_^

从失败中学习

  • 没想清楚不要动,我损失最多的就是来自FOMO(担心没赶上机会)或恐惧情绪。
  • 学习从失败中吸取教训,接受我是愚蠢的,我需要更多学习。经济原理是测量和分析市场的最佳工具。
  • 不要追求高点,也不要押注底部,在下跌趋势中更低意味着更低。
  • 找到可能性。使用数学和经济模型来测试和验证它。模型是您继续盈利的唯一方式。
  • 不要在上面花太多时间,价格由逻辑决定,而不是您花费的时间,所以我后面不会监控价格,只在第二天review和每周分析报告。
  • 别加杠杆,它会放大贪婪,放大恐惧,让你的动作变形。

下一步行动

周五,债券价格停止下跌,债务上限达成协议,银行存款看起来停止下降。所以我需要仔细看看趋势。

好消息:

  • 通胀率仍然较高,周五的PCE高于预期。
  • 债务上限达成协议,财政部将在未来几周发行更多T-bills。风险规避风险消失。

坏消息:

  • 周五收益率大幅下降,即使PCE数据不理想。这表明高看涨情绪。
  • GDI数据指向衰退。
  • 海外投资机构持有更多债券。
  • 银行体系现在看起来稳定了。债券卖压正在缓解。

所以我将在周二看价格,

  • 如果收益率继续下降,我会止损,并关注6月15日的FOMC会议。
  • 如果收益率上升,我会在130美元卖出TMV。

长期计划:

  • 迭代美国长期债券投资模型。
  • 定期投资纳斯达克100指数(这是这几年唯一不坑我的标的了)。
2023-05-26 18:16:00 +0000 UTC

slan's invest log 2023-05-26 (#1 Start to logging my investment)

slan's invest log 2023-05-26 (#1 Start to logging my investment)

中文版CN version

When I bought the TMF bonds ETF at April, I opened a new world of financial investment, I had given up several times due to money losses and pressure, but i eventually persisted . So now, I want to follow my heart and take it seriously. I will log my thoughts and my action and the result every week, for help me better sort my thoughts and avoid impluse action.

Today, I will talk about:

  1. my trade history in April and May
  2. did I profited?
  3. what I learned
  4. how will I do next

History

On March 15th, I sold my Xiaomi and Baba stocks due to lost confidence in the Chinese economic, at that time I belived it was also the right moment for the FED to stop interest rate hike, so i started buying long-term Bonds ETF, fortunately i made a profit of 15%+ in 2 weeks. which give me much confidence and belive I can make even more profits, that was the beginning of the tragedy.

As time moving to May, the bonds price began to fluctuate, my simple strategy of buy TMF when bonds start to recover, and shorting it when too high was no longer effective , at this point, i learned how to analyze the trending, i learned Linear Regression, and use Pandas and Matplotlib to plot price trending.

I exhaustion all possible actions trying to find a magic parameter that could earn money. Te most interesting part was when I made some bugs or errors while estimating the possibility of a buying opportunity, I saw a massive profit possibility, it's return 100x in juset 2 years. I started worry about how i could spent so much money. Howerver the truth was that it's just a bug or a mistake. and there was no chance of buying at the lowest price every time. When I fixed those bugs, it turned out to be only a 2x return in two years. When I tested it over a longer period of time, I soon realized that it would lead to further losses.

In the middle of May, bond prices lost 10%, and I waited for a rebound. However, after carefully analyzing the Fed and economic data, I realized that bond prices were going to drop even further due to inflation and a hot economy. So I took the loss and started to short bonds, which helped me make some money back. However, I still lost a significant amount.

bonds demands supply curve:

the Fed's mechanism:

Now , all the profit comes from lucky, wiped out by my ability.^_^

Learn from failures

  1. Don't move when I'm not thinking clearly, My most lost is from FOMO or fear mood.
  2. Learning from failures, accept that i'm foolish, I need much learning. the economic principle is the best tools to measure and analyze the market.
  3. Don't chase high. and don't bet bottom, in downside trending lower is most meaning more lower.
  4. Find prossibility. use math and economic model to test and verify it . the model is the only way you can conitnue to profit.
  5. Don't spent much time on it, the price determined by logic ,not time you spent, so I will not monitor the price , only review at next day and write weekly report.
  6. Don't use leverage, it will enlarge the greedy and enlarge the fear.

Next action

Bonds price stop decline at Friday, and debt ceiling is reach deal, and the bank deposit looks like stop decrease. so I need to carefully look at the trending.

the good news:

  • Inflation is still high , PCE in Friday is high than expectation.
  • Debt ceiling is reach deal, treasury will release much more T-bills in weeks. Risk Aversion risk is disappear.

bad news:

  • Friday yield is going down much, even PCE data is not good. it's present high long mood.
  • GDI data point to recession.
  • Foreign holds is holding more bonds.
  • bank system looks like steady now. the bonds sell pressure is easing.

so I will look at Tuesday price ,

  • if yield still going down , I will take lost, and look at 15 June's FOMC meeting.
  • if yield goes up, I will sell TMV @130

long term plan:

  • model for invesment US long-term bonds.
  • regularly invest NASDAQ-100
2023-05-26 18:16:00 +0000 UTC

2023 US treasury bonds timeline

2023 US treasury bonds timeline

timeline
    title Bond Events Timeline 2023
    1.19: Initial Jobless Claims not meet expectations
    2.1: Fed hike 25bps to target 4.50-4.75%
    2.3: Nonfarm Payrolls not meet expectations
        : Bonds yield rose↑
    2.14: CPI exceeds expectations
    3.2 : Fed hike 25bps to target 4.75-5.00%
    3.8 : Powell speak monetary policy, inflation is stuborn but not mentioned hike 50 bps.
        : SVB crisis
    3.12: SVB broken solution comes out
    3.14 : CPI show inflation slow down,but core CPI stubbornly unchanged
    3.30 : Initial Jobless Claims not meet expectations
    4.4 : OPEC ruduce oil production
    4.7 : Nonfarm Payrolls not meet expectations
    4.21 : PMI exceeds expectations
2023-04-23 20:04:01 +0800 +0800

The Fed(Federal Reserve System)

The Fed(Federal Reserve System)

this is my learning record of

architecture:

  • Main Goal:
    • Sustainable Growth (economic growth)
    • and stable prices (low inflation)
  • Monetary policy tools
    • Open market Operation
    • Discount Rates
    • Reserve Requirements
    • Forward guidance
    • Quantitative easing and Quantitative tightening

How Fed works:

2023-04-23 14:04:20 +0800 +0800

link and logic of bonds

link and logic of bonds

1 BASIC:

graph LR
PriceUP[Price Up]
PriceDown[Price Down]

YieldDown([Yield Down])
YieldUp([Yield Up])

people--Buy-->PriceUP-->YieldDown;
people--Sell-->PriceDown-->YieldUp;

2 Inflation:

graph LR
PriceUP[Price Up]
YieldDown([Yield Down])


HighInflation--RaisesFederalFundsRate-->
HigherInterestRates[Higher Interest Rates] -- bondsMoreAttractive -->
DemandForBondsIncreases -->
PriceUP[Price Up] -->
YieldDown([Yield Down])

EconomicCrisis--LowerFederalFundsRate-->
LowerInterestRates[Lower Interest Rates] -- bondsLessAttractive -->
DemandForBondsDecrease[Demand For Bonds Decrease] -->
PriceDown[Price Down] -->
YieldUP([Yield Up])

3 Affect Inflation:

graph LR
HighPMI-->HotEconomic-->
HighInflation--RaisesFederalFundsRate-->
HigherInterestRates[Higher Interest Rates] -- bondsMoreAttractive -->
DemandForBondsIncreases -->
PriceUP[Price Up] -->
YieldDown([Yield Down])

HighCPI-->HotEconomic
HighPPI-->HotEconomic


LowPMI-->ColdEconomic-->EconomicCrisis--LowerFederalFundsRate-->
LowerInterestRates[Lower Interest Rates] -- bondsLessAttractive -->
DemandForBondsDecrease[Demand For Bonds Decrease] -->
PriceDown[Price Down] -->
YieldUP([Yield Up])

LowCPI-->ColdEconomic

my questions

  • how short term treasury Notes impact long term bonds?
2023-04-22 06:25:48 +0800 +0800

30 years treasury bonds

30 years treasury bonds

30 years treasury bonds is a very useful investment tool. but it's counterintuitive because of usually bonds return rate is low at 3%-5%, but long term bonds not, cause of the face value, coupon rate, bond price math magic, the yield decrease 1%, and the bond price will increase near 30%.

The calulation is simple, here is a example case:

  • Treasury issused a bond face valuse is $100,000, Coupon reate is 3%
  • Investors auction the bond, a guy named GUY1, bid highest price $101,000, so GUY1 get this bond.
  • now this bond yield can be calculated as:
    • maturity= (100000*3%)*30 +100000 =190000.0 ,return 3% per year, and return principal at 30rd year. GUY1 will get $3000 per year, and 100k at 30rd year.
    • yield=($3,000 + (($100,000 - $101,000) / 30)) / (($100,000 + $101,000) / 2) =0.019712 or 1.97%, Yield = (Annual coupon payment + ((Face value - Purchase price) / Years to maturity)) / ((Face value + Purchase price) / 2)
  • And Guy1 now can sell this bond to others at market.
  • if Guy2 buy at $102,000, the price increase = (102000-101000)/101000 = 0.0099 =0.99%
  • now yield =($3,000 + (($100,000 - $102,000) / 30)) / (($100,000 + $102,000) / 2) =0.019426=1.9426%
  • so yield decrease 0.0286% and price increase 0.99%
  • so price increase rate is about 30 times as yield rate.

this is the power of long term bonds math, if we expect interest rate will decrease 1%, we will get 30% return of our invest.

who buy bonds

Because of safety and security of US treasury bonds, there is widly investors buy it, roughly proportion is:

  • Foreign investors 29%
  • Pension funds, insurances, and other professional institutions, 40%
  • Federal Reserve, individual 31%

how they buy bonds

  • 1. Participating in a Treasury auction
  • 2. Trading with others at online market
  • 3. stock ETF, like ZROZ, TLT, EDV

basic principle:

  • bonds demands ↑ increase -> price up-> yield down
  • bonds demands ↓ decrease -> price down-> yield up

so all origin driving force is demands of market. what will influce market demands?

what will influence bonds demands?

generally:

  • 1. Interest reates, (federal fund rate ↑, short term rate ↑, long-term bonds demand ↓, long-term bonds price ↓, long-term bonds yield ↑)
  • 2. Inflation expectations, (inflation ↑, federal fund rate ↑,...bonds yield ↑)
  • 3. Economic , (economic hot, inflation ↑, ...bonds yield ↑)
  • 4. Geopolitical events, (tough time ↑ , long-term bonds demand ↑, long-term bonds price ↑, long-term bonds yield↓)

but, need to be metioned, market is complicated, not single dimensional, you should carefully consider the relations, likes when Ukriane-russian war started, yields not goes down but goes up, because its is in high inflation time, and the war make infation more worst.

what will long-term bonds directly impact

  • mortgate rates

bonds demands supply cruve

2023-04-06 12:00:00 +0000 UTC